

A new virtuous cycle?
Businesses need to be profitable to sustain themselves. And, more and more, they need to sustain and promote values consumers care about in order to be profitable. These days, the public scrutinizes how profit is made, and an age of viral videos and social media means a company’s reputation can be on the line in an instant.
Darden research shows that customers — and workers — care about corporate social responsibility, and actions speak louder than press releases. Those stakeholders are increasingly aware of their power to influence corporations, which have the power to influence society.
These Darden Ideas to Action articles discuss the evolving relationship of business and society and examine companies actively addressing societal challenges — as well as what we can learn from those that have faltered.
In an in-depth study of public and private companies in 14 global markets, Darden and APCO Worldwide investigated the extent to which customers care about how a company conducts itself. In “What Makes a Champion Brand? 10 Champion Brand Survey Insights Every Business Leader Needs to Know,” Darden Professor Bidhan L. Parmar and Laura Hennessey Martens discuss the growing impact of companies on society, the rising standards of the public and the increased frequency of stakeholders taking action. In their words, “Globally admired brands focus less on products and more on practices.”
Just as companies have a growing impact on society, so society has a growing impact on companies. The public’s expectation for business to address social needs is increasing, and stakeholders have the power to effect change. Trends in pop culture, social media, social issues, workforce demographics and the next generation of employees have dramatically transformed the landscape in which business governance, strategies and communications now operate. As Professor Emeritus James R. Rubin and Barie Carmichael explore in “Corporate Accountability: How a Company Proves Its Character,” success now means finding the center of the Venn diagram of business, customer and society interests.
The C-suite leader who ignores this new landscape will be in rough waters; strategy is now about pressures beyond traditional issues of competition or supply and demand. Nonmarket forces — like government regulation, environmental activism and human rights nonprofits — have increasing power over a company’s reputation, which can change overnight. In “Strategy Beyond Markets: The Intersection of Business, Public Policy and Ethics,” strategic management scholar Professor Michael Lenox explains “beyond market strategy.” At the intersection of business, ethics, sociology, public policy, economics, psychology and law, this new way of thinking about strategy is a business imperative.
Economic inequality may be one of the defining challenges of our time. Income mobility has decreased, and the reinforcing loops of economic and opportunity inequality correlate with health and societal harms. Professors James R. Freeland and R. Edward Freeman delve into the way high-profile corporations are working to improve the problem. Based on ideas they teach in Darden’s “Economic Inequality and Social Mobility” course and one installment of a three-part series, “Economic Inequality, Part 3: What Can Business Do About It?” focuses on how companies can be part of the solution, using specific examples from companies like Netflix, Goldman Sachs, UPS, Google and The Container Store.
Cautionary tales: In “VW Emissions and the 3 Factors That Drive Ethical Breakdown,” Professor Luann J. Lynch explores how company culture led to massive damage of a once-sterling reputation. With “Communicating Through a Crisis: Wells Fargo Circles the Wagons, Professor June West looks at scandal at Wells Fargo from a crisis communications standpoint and explains what stakeholders need to hear to rebuild trust. And “Unethical Moves From MoviePass” features ethics expert Professor Andrew C. Wicks’ observations on the line between the customer’s and company’s responsibilities when opting out of an agreement.
Freeland has wide-ranging expertise; with an extensive background in operations management, his current area of focus is economic and opportunity inequality, and he teaches on both topics.
Freeland joined Darden in 1979 and served as the senior associate dean for faculty and research from 1993 to 2012. In that role, he oversaw the hiring of more than 60 new faculty members and significantly increased both the research productivity and diversity of the Darden faculty. Before coming to Darden, Freeland taught at the Stanford Graduate School of Business and the Georgia Institute of Technology.
BSIE, Bradley University; MSIE, Ph.D., Georgia Institute of Technology
Freeman is best known for his work on stakeholder theory and business ethics, in which he suggests that businesses build their strategy around their relationships with key stakeholders. His expertise also extends to areas such as leadership, corporate responsibility and business strategy. Since writing the award-winning book Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach in 1984, countless scholars, business leaders and students worldwide have cited Freeman’s work.
Freeman also wrote Managing for Stakeholders: Survival, Reputation and Success and Stakeholder Theory: The State of the Art.
B.A., Duke University; Ph.D., Washington University
Lenox’s expertise is in the domain of technology strategy and policy. He studies the role of innovation in helping a business succeed. In particular, he explores the sourcing of external knowledge by firms and this practice’s impact on a company’s innovation strategy. Lenox has a longstanding interest in the interface between business strategy and public policy as it relates to the natural environment; his work explores firm strategies and nontraditional public policies that have the potential to drive green innovation and entrepreneurship.
In 2013, Lenox co-authored The Strategist’s Toolkit with Darden Professor Jared Harris. His latest book,
Lenox is a prolific author; his most recent book, Strategy in the Digital Age: Mastering Digital Transformation, examines how digital technologies and services enable the creation of innovative products and services, as well as identifying new competitive positions.
B.S., M.S., University of Virginia; Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Lynch’s expertise and research interests are primarily in how to best pay or otherwise give incentives to bosses that will make their companies succeed. The focus of her work can be broadly characterized as an exploration of how incentives and compensation systems are structured to encourage the desired behavior by the individuals or organizations. Her work has examined incentive issues such as stock options, compensation in post-merger integration efforts and the effect of financial reporting, accounting and regulation on incentive compensation.
Before joining the Darden faculty, Lynch was assistant vice president at Roche Biomedical Laboratories Inc. and held positions in finance and accounting at Roche, Northern Telecom (NorTel) and Procter & Gamble.
Lynch is author and co-author of several articles published in leading accounting and finance journals.
B.S., Meredith College; MBA, Duke University; Ph.D., University of North Carolina
Parmar is an authority on how to make good decisions — one of the toughest challenges in leading a business. He focuses on how managers make decisions and collaborate in uncertain and changing environments to create value for stakeholders. Parmar’s work helps executives better handle ambiguity in their decision-making. His recent research examines the impact of authority on moral decision-making in organizations.
In 2012 Parmar wrote the article “Moving Design from Metaphor to Management Practice” in the Journal of Organizational Design.
B.A., MBA, Ph.D., University of Virginia
The late Professor Rubin (1951–2016) was a Darden faculty member for more than two decades. Area coordinator of the Management Communication area at Darden, Rubin was an expert in corporate communication, media and business relations, and organizational communications theory — the art of successfully communicating within organizations. He used this expertise to consult for communication specialists and give talks on management and corporate communications.
Additionally, Rubin wrote numerous cases on corporate communication, as well as articles on corporate brand and crisis communication. His work has appeared in publications including The Washington Post, the Journal of Brand Management and Strategic Communication Management. He was a member of the Arthur Page Society, the Conference on Corporate Communication, the Corporate Branding Initiative based at the Copenhagen Business School and the Association for Business Communication.
His book, Reset: Business and Society in the New Social Landscape (Columbia Business School Publishing), co-authored with Barie Carmichael, is due out 9 January 2018.
For more on Rubin, please see “In Memoriam: Professor James Richard Rubin.”
West is an expert on organizational communication, particularly during times of change.
West was instrumental in the 2003 inception of the Darden/Curry Partnership for Leaders in Education (PLE) to strategically combine the most innovative thinking in business and education to provide education leaders with skills necessary for managing schools. West served as the academic director and continues to be active in the PLE’s School Turnaround Specialist Program, now the most established turnaround program in the country.
She is the university faculty liaison to the FBI National Academy in Quantico, Virginia. West also directs a Darden faculty team that teaches in the summer orientation program for the Secretary of Defense Corporate Fellows program that places active-duty military officers in corporations for a one-year fellowship.
West has consulted for many organizations, including the Louisiana Department of Education and Mississippi State University Colleges of Business and Education.
B.S.Ed., The University of Tennessee, Knoxville; M.Ed., Kent State University; Ed.D., Lehigh University
Wicks specializes in ethics. He is an expert in international business ethics, corporate social responsibility and ethics in public life.
Wicks’ research interests include stakeholder responsibility, stakeholder theory, trust, health care ethics, total quality management and ethics, and entrepreneurship. Wicks also specializes in religion and public life, particularly as it pertains to businesses.
Wicks is co-author of three books — Managing for Stakeholders: Survival, Reputation and Success; Business Ethics: A Managerial Approach; and Stakeholder Theory: The State of the Art. He has published more than 30 journal articles in business ethics, management and the humanities.
B.A., University of Tennessee, Knoxville; M.A., Ph.D., University of Virginia
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